Accepted Poems

(This page is under contruction. The list of items is essentially complete.) 

The canon of Poe's poems has been established with some certainty, primarily through the work of Killis Campbell, Floyd Stoval and especially T. O.
Mabbott. The accepted poems are here listed in alphabetically order by title. Variant names, sometimes assigned by editors other than Poe, are also listed.
The first line of each poem is provided to assist in the identification of the poem. To avoid unnecessary duplication, the following abbreviations will be
used TOP (Tamerlane and Other Poems, 1827), ATMP (Al Aaraaf, Tamerlane and Minor Poems, 1829), Poems (Poems, 1831) and ROP (The Raven
and Other Poems, 1845). Although it is written in verse, Poe's play Politian has not been included here because it is not, strictly speaking, a poem. (Poe
did include scenes from Politian in ROP). Words noted in brackets denote titles not given by Poe or other information added for clarification. 

    Title: "Acrostic, An" (@1829) 
    First Line: "Elizabeth, it is in vain you say . . ." 
    Status: Accepted 
    Argument: The source for this poem is an undated manuscript, assumed to be about 1829, signed "E. A. P." from an album owned by Poe's cousin
    Elizabeth Herring. It was first printed in a collection by J. H. Whitty (Poems, 1911, p. 141).

    Title: "Al Aaraaf" (1829) 
    First Line: "O! nothing earthly save the ray . . ." (1829) 
    Alternate: "Mysterious star! Thou wert my dream (1831) 
    Status: Accepted, absolutely 
    Argument: Included by Poe, with numerous revisions, in all of his own poetry collections beginning with ATMP. Included in ROP under the section
    "Poems Written in Youth.." Since Poe's death, the new introductory stanzas of the 1831 version have been published as a separate poem, usually
    titled "Mysterious Star."

    Title: "Al Araaf" (1829) 
    First Line: "O! nothing earthly save the ray . . ." 
    Status: Accepted, absolutely 
    Argument: Typographical error of title as published in ATMP. The table of contents and the page headings give the title correctly as "Al Aaraaf."

    Title: [Alone] (@1829) 
    First Line: "From childhood's hour I have not been . . ." 
    Status: Accepted 
    Argument: The source for this poem in an untitled, undated manuscript, signed "E. A. Poe" from the album of Lucy Holmes Balderston. The title
    was assigned by Eugene L. Didier in a somewhat modified reproduction of the manuscript printed in Scribner's Monthly (September, 1875). Didier's
    retouching brought early charges of forgery, although stylistic and handwriting analysis have since given the poem unopposed acceptance as by Poe.
    The manuscript is now in the collection of the Maryland Historical Society. (Another poem in this album, also in Edgar's hand, is apparently by Poe's
    brother, William Henry Poe.)

    Title: "Alone" (@1828) 
    First Line: "O! I care not that my earthly lot . . ." 
    Status: Accepted 
    Argument: Original title of "To M--" (No relation to the better known [Alone] of @1829.)

    Title: "Annabel Lee" (1849) 
    First Line: "It was many and many a year ago . . ." 
    Status: Accepted, absolutely 
    Argument: This poem was first printed in several periodicals in late 1849 and early 1850, including the New-York Tribune, the Southern Literary
    Messenger and Sartain's Union Magazine. Five manuscripts, all authentic, also exist. These manuscripts are currently at Harvard, the Gimble
    Collection in the Philadelphia Free Library, the Huntington Library, the Pierpont Morgan Library and Columbia University. Poe himself mentions the
    poem in a letter to Annie Richmond from May of 1849.

    Title: "Ballad" (1837) 
    First Line: "The ring is on my hand . . ." 
    Status: Accepted, absolutely 
    Argument: This poem was first published by Poe in the Southern Literary Messenger for January 1837. It was reprinted several times, including
    Poe's own Broadway Journal and The Raven and Other Poems (1845).

    Title: "Bells, The" 
    First Line: "The bells!--hear the bells . . ." (1848) 
    Alternate: "Hear the sledges with the bells . . ." (1849) 
    Status: Accepted, absolutely 
    Argument: This poem was first printed in Sartain's Union Magazine for November of 1849. A copy of the 1848 version of the manuscript, in Poe's
    own hand, in now in the Koester Collection of the University of Texas. The manuscript of the 1849 version is now in the Pierpont Morgan Library.

    Title: "Bridal Ballad" (1845) 
    First Line: "The ring is on my hand . . ." 
    Status: Accepted, absolutely 
    Argument: Variant of "Ballad." As "Bridal Ballad," it was included in ROP.

    Title: "Catholic Hymn" (1835, written @1833) 
    First Line: "At morn--at noon--at twilight dim . . ." 
    Status: Accepted, absolutely 
    Argument: Included in ROP. In Poe's own copy, with his handwritten annotations and corrections, Poe struck out the word "Catholic."

    Title: "City in the Sea, The" (1831) 
    First Line: "Lo! Death hath rear'd himself a throne . . ." 
    Status: Accepted, absolutely 
    Argument: Variant of "The Doomed City." As "The City in the Sea," it was included in ROP.

    Title: "City of Sin, The" (1845 [1831]) 
    First Line: "Lo! Death hath rear'd himself a throne . . ." 
    Status: Accepted, absolutely 
    Argument: Alternate title of "The Doomed City"

    Title: "Coliseum, The" (1833 [1831]) 
    First Line: "Type of the antique Rome! Rich, reliquary . . ." 
    Status: Accepted, absolutely 
    Argument: This poem was first published in the Baltimore Saturday Visiter for October, 26, 1833. Poe had submitted it for the newspaper's literary
    contest. It was reprinted several times in various magazines, including the Southern Literary Messenger, the Saturday Evening Post and Poe's own
    Broadway Journal. It was also included in ROP. A manuscript of the poem from the album of Mary Estelle Herring (1841?) is now in the Koester
    Collection of the University of Texas.

    Title: "Conqueror Worm, The" (1843) 
    First Line: "Lo! 'tis a gala night . . . " 
    Status: Accepted, absolutely 
    Argument: This poem was first published in Graham's Magazine for January of 1843. It was later incorporated in Poe's short story "Ligeia." The
    poem was reprinted several times in various magazines, including the Philadelphia Saturday Museum and Poe's own Broadway Journal. It was also
    reprinted in The Raven and Other Poems (1845).

    Title: "Dirge" (1848 [1843]) 
    First Line: "Ah, broken is the golden bowl! . . ." 
    Status: Accepted, absolutely 
    Argument: Alternate title of "Lenore"

    Title: "Divine Right of Kings, The" (1845) 
    First Line: "The only king by right divine . . ." 
    Status: Accepted, with minor reservations 
    Argument: This poem was published as by "P" in Graham's Magazine for December of 1845. J. H. Whitty attributed it to Poe in his 1917 edition of
    Poe's Poems, although Killis Campbell and other scholars called for more evidence. (Whitty's claim was based on a copy of Graham's Magazine
    owned by Poe's friend Mrs. Frances S. Osgood, with Poe's name written under the poem in her hand.) T. O. Mabbott notes that the Boston Public
    Library owns a copy of the volume of Graham's Magazine containing the poem with a manuscript note, by an unknown person but apparently
    before 1890, attributing the poem to Poe. Mabbott accepts the poem with substantial explanation in his 1969 edition of Poe's Poems, pp. 382 - 384.

    Title: "Doomed City, The" (1831) 
    First line: "Lo! Death hath rear'd himself a throne . . ." 
    Status: Accepted, absolutely 
    Argument: Included in Poems.

    Title: "Dream within a Dream, A" (1849) 
    First Line: "Take this kiss upon the brow! . . ." 
    Status: Accepted, absolutely 
    Argument: Substantial variant of "Imitation," under which title it is included in TOP.

    Title: "Dream, A" (1827) 
    First Line: "In visions of the dark night" (1829) 
    Alternate: "A wilder'd being from my birth . . ." (1827) 
    Status: Accepted, absolutely 
    Argument: Included in TOP, where it appears without title. The 1829 version from ATMP simply omits the first stanza. Not included in Poems.
    Included in ROP under the section "Poems Written in Youth."

    Title: "Dream-Land" (1844) 
    First Line: "By a route obscure and lonely . . ." 
    Status: Accepted, absolutely 
    Argument: Included in ROP.

    Title: "Dreams" (1827) 
    First Line: "Oh! that my young life were a lasting . . ." 
    Status: Accepted, absolutely 
    Argument: Included in TOP.

    Title: "Eldorado" (1849) 
    First Line: "Gaily bedight . . ." 
    Status: Accepted, absolutely 
    Argument:

    Title: "Elizabeth" (@1829) 
    First Line: "Elizabeth -- it surely is most fit . . ." 
    Status: 
    Argument:

    Title: "Enigma [on Shakespeare]" (1833) 
    First Line: "The noblest name in Allegory's page . . ." 
    Status: 
    Argument:

    Title: "Enigma, An [Sarah Anna Lewis]" (1847) 
    First Line: "'Seldom we find,' says Solomon Don . . ." 
    Status: 
    Argument:

    Title: "Eulalie -- A Song" (1844) 
    First Line: "I dwelt alone . . ." 
    Status: Accepted, absolutely 
    Argument: Included in ROP.

    Title: "Evening Star" (1827) 
    First Line: "'Twas noontide of summer . . ." 
    Status: Accepted, absolutely 
    Argument: Included in TOP.

    Title: "Fairy land" 
    First Line: "Sit down beside me, Isabel . . ." (1831) 
    Status: Accepted, absolutely 
    Argument: Alternate title for "Fairyland." By the title of "Fairy Land," it was Included in Poems.

    Title: "Fairy-land" 
    First Line: "Dim vales--and shadowy floods . . ." (1829) 
    Status: Accepted, absolutely 
    Argument: Alternate title for "Fairyland." By the title of "Fairy-Land," it was included in ROP under the section "Poems Written in Youth."

    Title: "Fairyland" 
    First Line: "Dim vales--and shadowy floods . . ." (1829) 
    Alternate: "Sit down beside me, Isabel . . ." (1831) 
    Status: Accepted, absolutely 
    Argument: Included in ATMP.

    Title: "Fanny" (1833) 
    First Line: "The dying swan by northern lakes . . ." 
    Status: 
    Argument: xxx

    Title: "For Annie" (1849) 
    First Line: "Thank Heavens! the crisis . . ." 
    Status: 
    Argument: xxx

    Title: "For Annie" 
    First Line: "Take this kiss upon the brow! . . ." 
    Status: Accepted, absolutely 
    Argument: Alternate title of "Dream Within a Dream"

    Title: [Happiest Day, The] (1827) 
    First Line: "The happiest day--the happiest hour . . ." 
    Status: Accepted, absolutely 
    Argument: Included in TOP, where it appears without title..

    Title: "Haunted Palace, The" (1839) 
    First Line: "In the greenest of our valleys . . ." 
    Status: Accepted, absolutely 
    Argument: Included in ROP.

    Title: "Heaven" (1829) 
    First Line: "Dim vales -- and shoadowy floods -- . . . " 
    Status: Accepted, absolutely 
    Argument: Early title of "Fairy-Land"

    Title: "Hymn" (1835, written @1833) 
    First Line: "At morn--at noon--at twilight dim . . ." 
    Status: Accepted, absolutely 
    Argument: Alternate title for "Catholic Hymn." Included in ROP as "Catholic Hymn." In Poe's own copy of ROP, with his handwritten annotations
    and corrections, Poe struck out the word "Catholic."

    Title: "Imitation" (1827) 
    First Line: "A dark unfathom'd tide . . ." 
    Status: Accepted, absolutely 
    Argument: Later revised as "A Dream Within a Dream"

    Title: "In an Album. To --" (1827) 
    First Line: "I saw thee on thy bridal day -- . . ." 
    Status: Accepted, absolutely 
    Argument: Early title of "Song"

    Title: "Introduction [to Poems, 1831]" (1831) 
    First Line: "Romance, who loves to nod and sing . . ." 
    Status: Accepted, absolutely 
    Argument: A substantial variant of "Preface [to Al Aaraaf, etc.]"

    Title: "Irene" (1831 and 1837) 
    First Line: "'T is now (so sings the soaring moon) . . ." 
    Status: Accepted, absolutely 
    Argument: Included in Poems.

    Title: "Irene, the Dead" 
    First Line: "'T is now (so sings the soaring moon) . . ." 
    Status: Accepted, absolutely 
    Argument: Variant title of "Irene"

    Title: "Israfel" (1831) 
    First Line: "In Heaven a spirit doth dwell . . ." 
    Status: Accepted, absolutely 
    Argument: Included in Poems and in ROP.

    Title: "Lake, The" (1827) 
    First Line: "In youth's spring, it was my lot . . ." 
    Status: Accepted, absolutely 
    Argument: Included in TOP.

    Title: "Lake--To --, The" 
    First Line: "In youth's spring, it was my lot . . ." (1829) 
    Alternate: "In spring of youth it was my lot . . ." (1845) 
    Status: Accepted, absolutely 
    Argument: Revised version of "The Lake," under which title it was included in TOP. As "The Lake -- To --," it was included in ATMP. Not
    included in Poems. Also included in ROP, under the section "Poems Written in Youth."

    Title: "Lenore" (1843) 
    First Line: "Ah, broken is the golden bowl! the spirit flown forever! . . ." 
    Status: Accepted, absolutely 
    Argument: Substantial variant of "A Paean." As "Lenore," it was included in ROP.

    Title: "Lines Written in an Album" (1835 [1833 ?]) 
    First Line: "Ah, broken is the golden bowl . . ." 
    Status: 
    Argument: Alternate title of "To Elizabeth"

    Title: "Mysterious Star!" (1831) 
    First Line: "Mysterious Star! . . ." 
    Status: Accepted, absolutely 
    Argument: Used as an alternate beginning of "Al Aaraaf" in Poems and, since his death, occasionally published as a separate poem. This is the poem
    Poe read at the Boston Lyceum in 1845, falsely claiming it later as a work published before he was 20.

    Title: "Oh, Tempora! Oh, Mores!" (@1825?) 
    First Line: "Oh Times! Oh Manners! It is my . . ." 
    Status: 
    Argument: xxx

    Title: "Original" (@1829) 
    First Line: "From childhood's hour I have not been . . . " 
    Status: 
    Argument: Token title of "[Alone]"

    Title: "Paean, A" (1831, 1842) 
    First Line: "How shall the burial rite be read . . ." 
    Status: Accepted, absolutely 
    Argument: Early and substantially different version of "Lenore." As "A Paean" it was included in Poems.

    Title: "Preface [to Al Aaraaf, etc.]" (1829) 
    First Line: "Romance, who loves to nod and sing . . ." 
    Status: Accepted, absolutely 
    Argument: Early title of "Romance." Ironically, in ATMP, Preface appears at the beginning of the section titled "Miscellaneous Poems," well into
    the middle of the book.

    Title: "Raven, The" (1845) 
    First Line: "Once upon a midnight dreary . . ." 
    Status: Accepted, absolutely 
    Argument: Included in ROP. Without question, this is the most secure item in Poe's canon.

    Title: "Romance" (1845) 
    First Line: "Romance who loves to nod and sing . . ." 
    Status: Accepted, absolutely 
    Argument: Variant of "Preface [Al Aaraaf, etc. 1829]" As  "Introduction," this poem was included in Poems. As "Romance," it is included in ROP
    under the section "Poems Written in Youth.".

    Title: "Serenade" (1833) 
    First Line: "So sweet the hour--so calm the time . . ." 
    Status: 
    Argument: xxx

    Title: "Silence" 
    First Line: "There are some qualities -- some incorporate things . . . " 
    Status: 
    Argument: Variant title of "Sonnet--Silence"

    Title: "Silence--a Sonnet" 
    First Line: "There are some qualities -- some incorporate things . . . " 
    Status: 
    Argument: Variant title of "Sonnet--Silence"

    Title: "Sleeper, The" (1841) 
    First Line: "At midnight, in the month of June . . " 
    Status: Accepted, absolutely 
    Argument: Variant of "Irene." As "The Sleeper," it was included in ROP.

    Title: "Song" (1827) 
    First Line: "I saw thee on thy Bridal day . . ." 
    Status: Accepted, absolutely 
    Argument: Included in TOP as "To -- --.". Included in ROP, under the section "Poems Written in Youth."

    Title: "Sonnet" (1829) 
    First Line: "Science! true daughter of Old Time . . ." 
    Status: Accepted, absolutely 
    Argument: Variant title of "Sonnet--To Silence"

    Title: "Sonnet" 
    First Line: "Seldom we find, says Solomon Don Dunce . . . " 
    Status: 
    Argument: Variant title of "An Enigma [Sarah Anne Lewis]"

    Title: "Sonnet--Silence" (1839) 
    First Line: "There are some qualities--some incorporate things . . ." 
    Status: Accepted, absolutely 
    Argument: Included in ROP.

    Title: "Sonnet to My Mother" (1849) 
    First Line: "Because the angels in the Heavens above . . ." 
    Status: 
    Argument: Variant of "To My Mother"

    Title: "Sonnet--To Science" (1829) 
    First Line: "Science! true daughter of Old Time thou art. . ." 
    Status: Accepted, absolutely 
    Argument: Included, without title, in ATMP. Included as "Sonnet--To Science" in ROP under the section "Poems Written in Youth.".

    Title: "Sonnet--To Zante" (1837) 
    First Line: "Fair isle, that from the fairest of all . . ." 
    Status: Accepted, absolutely 
    Argument: Alternate title of "To Zante." As "Sonnet--To Zante," it was included in ROP.

    Title: "Spirits of the Dead" (1829) 
    First Line: "Thy soul shall find itself alone . . . " 
    Status: Accepted, absolutely 
    Argument: Variant of "Visit of the Dead." Under the new title, the poem was included in ATMP.

    Title: [Stanzas] (1827) 
    First Line: "In youth have I known one with whom . . ." 
    Status: Accepted, absolutely 
    Argument: Included in TOP, where it appeared without title.

    Title: "Stanzas [to F.S.O]" (1845) 
    First Line: "Lady! I would that verse of mine . . ." 
    Status: 
    Argument: xxx

    Title: "Tamerlane" (1827) 
    First Line: "I have sent for thee, holy friar . . ." (1827) 
    Alternate: "Kind solace in a dying hour! . . . " (1829) 
    Status: Accepted, absolutely 
    Argument: Included as the title poem in TOP and included all of Poe's subsequent collections of poems, ATMP, Poems and ROP. In ROP, it is
    included under the section "Poems Written in Youth."

    Title: "To Elizabeth" (@1833) 
    First Line: "Would'st thou be loved . . ." 
    Status: 
    Argument: xxx

    Title: "To --" 
    First line: "Take this kiss upon thy brow . . . " 
    Status: 
    Argument: Alternate title of "A Dream Within a Dream"

    Title: "To -- --" (1829) 
    First Line: "Should my early life seem . . ." 
    Status: Accepted, absolutely 
    Argument: Substantial variant of "Imitation." This revised version appeared in ATMP.

    Title: "To -- [Elmira]" (1829) 
    First Line: "The bowers whereat, in dreams, I see . . ." 
    Status: Accepted absolutely 
    Argument: Included in ATMP. Also included in ROP, under the section "Poems Written in Youth."

    Title: "To -- --" (1833) 
    First Line: "Sleep on, sleep on, another hour . . ." 
    Status: 
    Argument: xxx

    Title: "To -- -- --" 
    First Line: "I saw the once -- once only -- years ago . . . " 
    Status: 
    Argument: Variant title for "To Helen [Whitman]"

    Title: "To -- [Violet Vane]" (1845) 
    First Line: "I would not lord it o'er thy heart . . ." 
    Status: 
    Argument: xxx

    Title: "To -- -- --" 
    First Line: "Not long ago, the writer of these lines . . . " 
    Status: 
    Argument: Variant of "To Marie Louise"

    Title: "To -- --" (1846? [1833 ?]) 
    First Line: "Thou wouldst be loved . . ." 
    Status: 
    Argument: Variant of "To Elizabeth"

    Title: "To -- -- --" 
    First Line: "Not language . . ." 
    Status: 
    Argument: Variant of "To Marie Louise"

    Title: "To -- -- --" (1848) 
    First Line: "Not Long ago . . ." 
    Status: 
    Argument: Variant of "To Marie Louise"

    Title: "To -- --" (1827) 
    First Line: " I saw thee on the bridal day -- . . ." (1827) 
    Alternate: " I saw thee on thy bridal day -- . . ." (1829) 
    Status: Accepted, absolutely 
    Argument: Early title of "Song." Under the title of "To -- --," this poem appeared in TOP and ATMP.

    Title: "To --" (@1845-1849) 
    First Line: "I heed not that my earthly lot . . ." 
    Status: 
    Argument: Variant of "To M--"

    Title: "To F-- [Frances S. Osgood]" (1835) 
    First Line: "Beloved! amid the earnest woes . . ." 
    Status: 
    Argument: Included in ROP.

    Title: "To F--s S. O--d [Frances S. Osgood]" (1845 [1833 ?]) 
    First Line: "Thou wouldst be loved?--then let thy heart . . ." 
    Status: Accepted, absolutely 
    Argument: Variant of "To Elizabeth." As "To F--s S. O--d," it was included in ROP.

    Title: "To Helen" (1831) 
    First Line: "Helen, thy beauty is to me . . ." 
    Status: Accepted, absolutely 
    Argument: Included in Poems. Also included in ROP, under the section "Poems Written in Youth."

    Title: "To Helen [Whitman]" (1848) 
    First Line: "I saw thee once . . ." 
    Status: 
    Argument: xxx

    Title: "To Iante in Heaven" (1839 [@1833]) 
    First Line: "Thou wast that all to me, love . . ." 
    Status: 
    Argument: Alternate title of "To One in Paradise"

    Title: "To M. L. S-- [Marie Louise Shew]" (1847) 
    First Line: "Of all who hail thy presence as . . ." 
    Status: 
    Argument: xxx

    Title: "To M--" (1828) 
    First Line: "O! I care not that my earthly lot . . ." 
    Status: Accepted, absolutely 
    Argument: Included in ATMP.

    Title: "To Mary" 
    First Line: "Mary, amid the cares and woes . . . " 
    Status: 
    Argument: Original title of "To F-- [Frances Sargent Osgood]"

    Title: "To Marie Louise" (@1848) 
    First Line: "Not long ago, the writer . . ." 
    Status: 
    Argument: xxx

    Title: "To Miss Louise Olivia Hunter" (1847) 
    First Line: "Though I turn, I fly not . . ." 
    Status: 
    Argument: xxx

    Title: "To My Mother" (1849) 
    First Line: "Because I feel that, in the Heavens . . ." 
    Status: 
    Argument: xxx

    Title: [To Octavia] (May 1, 1827) 
    First Line: "When wit, and wine, and friends . . ." 
    Status: 
    Argument: xxx

    Title: "To One Beloved" 
    First Line: "Thou wast that all to me, love . . ." 
    Status: 
    Argument: A variant title of "To One in Paradise"

    Title: "To One Departed" 
    First Line: "Thou wast that all to me, love . . ." 
    Status: Accepted, absolutely 
    Argument: A variant title for "To One in Paradise"

    Title: "To One in Paradise" (@1833) 
    First Line: "Thou wast all that to me, love . . ." (1845) 
    Alternate: "Thou wast that all to me, love . . ." (revised by Poe, probably in 1849) 
    Status: Accepted, absolutely 
    Argument: Included in ROP. Poe's corrections to the text, made in his personal copy of ROP, were not published until after his death.

    Title: "To the River -- [Po]" (1828) 
    First Line: "Fair river! in thy bright, clear flow . . ." 
    Status: Accepted, absolutely 
    Argument: Included in ATMP. Also included in ROP, under the section "Poems Written in Youth."

    Title:"To Zante" 
    First Line: "Fair isle, that from the fairest of all flowers . . ." 
    Status: Accepted, positively 
    Argument: xxx

    Title: "Ulalume--A Ballad" (1847) 
    First Line: "The skies they were ashen and sober . . ." 
    Status: 
    Argument: xxx

    Title: "Valentine, A [Frances S. Osgood]" (1849) 
    First Line: "For her this rhyme is penned, whose luminous eyes . . ." 
    Status: 
    Argument: xxx

    Title: "[Valentine's Eve, 1846]" 
    First Line: "For her this rhyme is penned, whose luminous eyes . . ." 
    Status: 
    Argument: Variant of "A Valentine"

    Title: "Valley Nis, The" (1831) 
    First Line: "Far away--far away . . ." 
    Status: Accepted, absolutely 
    Argument: Included in Poems.

    Title: "Valley of Unrest, The" (1845) 
    First Line: "Once it smiled a silent dell . . ." 
    Status: Accepted, absolutely 
    Argument: Substantial variant of "The Valley of Nis." As "The Valley of Unrest," it was included in ROP.

    Title: "Visit of the Dead" (1827) 
    First Line: "Thy soul shall find itself alone . . ." 
    Status: Accepted, absolutely 
    Argument: Included in TOP.